When a COVID-19 survivor leaves the hospital, recovering physically may not be the only feat they’re faced with overcoming. For many patients who have undergone intensive care, studies have shown that there is also a likelihood for cognitive and psychological complications, which can linger for months, or even years.

In the early days of caring for critically ill patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis or multiple organ failure, we were grateful when they survived their illness. We used any interventions we could think of to increase the likelihood of survival. We didn’t really think about what came after patients’ intensive care unit (ICU) experience; we were just happy they survived. However, we came to find out that despite our best efforts, these patients had a high risk of developing delirium and post-discharge sequelae.

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to vastly increased admissions into intensive care units (ICU). Around one in four ICU patients develop PTSD symptoms after the admission. Other disorders, including depression and various anxiety disorders are also common.This guide aims to provide information for therapists working with patients who have developed PTSD after an ICU admission, or a similar medical environment.