Objective: Patients and caregivers can experience a range of physical, psychological, and cognitive problems following critical care discharge. The use of peer support has been proposed as an innovative support mechanism.
Design: We sought to identify technical, safety and procedural aspects of existing operational models of peer support, among the Society of Critical Care Medicine Thrive Peer Support Collaborative. We also sought to categorize key distinctions between these models and elucidate barriers and facilitators to implementation.
Subjects: 17 Thrive sites from the USA, UK, and Australia were represented by a range of healthcare professionals.
Interventions: Via an iterative process of in-person and email/conference calls, members of the Collaborative, defined the key areas on which peer support models could be defined and compared; collected detailed self-reports from all sites; reviewed the information and identified clusters of models. Barriers and challenges to implementation of peer support models were also documented.
Results: Within the Thrive Collaborative, six general models of peer support were identified:
Community based, Psychologist-led outpatient, Models based within ICU follow-up clinics, Online, Groups based within ICU and Peer mentor models. The most common barriers to implementation were: recruitment to groups, personnel input and training: sustainability and funding, risk management and measuring success.
Conclusion: A number of different models of peer support are currently being developed to help patients and families recover and grow in the post-critical care setting.

Objective: Data are lacking regarding implementation of novel strategies such as follow-up clinics and peer support groups, to reduce the burden of post-intensive care syndrome. We sought to discover enablers that helped hospital-based clinicians establish post-ICU clinics and peer support programs, and identify barriers that challenged them.
Design: Qualitative inquiry. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research was used to organize and analyze data.
Setting: Two learning collaboratives (ICU follow-up clinics and peer support groups), representing 23 sites, across three continents.
Subjects: Clinicians from 23 sites.
Measurement and Main Results: Ten enablers and nine barriers to implementation of ICU follow-up clinics were described. A key enabler to generate support for clinics was providing insight into the human experience of survivorship, to obtain interest from hospital administrators. Significant barriers included patient and family lack of access to clinics and clinic funding.
Nine enablers and five barriers to the implementation of peer support groups were identified.
Key enablers included developing infrastructure to support successful operationalization of this complex intervention, flexibility about when peer support should be offered, belonging to the international learning collaborative. Significant barriers related to limited attendance by patients and families due to challenges in creating awareness, and uncertainty about who might be appropriate to attend and target in advertising.
Conclusions: Several enablers and barriers to implementing ICU follow-up clinics and peer support groups should be taken into account and leveraged to improve ICU recovery. Among the most important enablers are motivated clinician leaders who persist to find a path forward despite obstacles.

Post-intensive care syndrome among families of intensive care unit (ICU) survivors