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  • Joe and me

    Click to Return to Search Page VIEW SELECTED LIBRARY MEDIA Name of Media: Joe and me Author(s): Jay Q Publisher or Source: Tech Need Type of Media: Medical Research Media Originally for: Critical Care Physicians,Former ICU Patients,Nurses and/or Other Critical Care Medical Professionals Country of Origin: United States of America (the) Primary Focus of Media: Post Intensive Care Syndrome for Families (PICS-F) COVID-19 Related: No Description: What can I say? To view the PDF, Article, Photo, or Chart, Click Icon: To view the attached Video media file, Click Icon: PostICU, Inc's library staff reviewed this copyrighted material contained in the library and reasonably believes that its inclusion in our library complies with the "Fair Use Doctrine" because: (1) our library's is for nonprofit and educational purposes; (2) the nature of the copyrighted work is related to our mission; (3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole is fair and reasonable; and (4) the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work will if impacted, should be enhanced, by its presence in our library.

  • Traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta: cohort study and systematic review

    Click to Return to Search Page VIEW SELECTED LIBRARY MEDIA Name of Media: Traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta: cohort study and systematic review Author(s): Jahromi A S, Kazemi K, Safar H A, Doobay B, Cina C S Publisher or Source: Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects - DARE Type of Media: Medical Research Media Originally for: Critical Care Physicians Country of Origin: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the) Primary Focus of Media: Pre-Use of PICS Designation COVID-19 Related: No Description: Authors' objectives To compare surgical techniques for traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta. To view the PDF, Article, Photo, or Chart, Click Icon: To view the attached Video media file, Click Icon: PostICU, Inc's library staff reviewed this copyrighted material contained in the library and reasonably believes that its inclusion in our library complies with the "Fair Use Doctrine" because: (1) our library's is for nonprofit and educational purposes; (2) the nature of the copyrighted work is related to our mission; (3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole is fair and reasonable; and (4) the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work will if impacted, should be enhanced, by its presence in our library.

  • Diaries for recovery from critical illness (Review)

    Click to Return to Search Page VIEW SELECTED LIBRARY MEDIA Name of Media: Diaries for recovery from critical illness (Review) Author(s): Amanda J Ullman, Leanne M Aitken, Janice Rattray, Justin Kenardy, Robyne Le Brocque, Stephen MacGillivray, Alastair M Hull Publisher or Source: Cochrane Library Type of Media: Medical Journal Media Originally for: Critical Care Physicians,General Medical Professionals,Nurses and/or Other Critical Care Medical Professionals Country of Origin: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the) Primary Focus of Media: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder COVID-19 Related: No Description: Background During intensive care unit (ICU) admission, patients experience extreme physical and psychological stressors, including the abnormal ICU environment. These experiences impact on a patient’s recovery from critical illness and may result in both physical and psychological disorders. One strategy that has been developed and implemented by clinical staff to treat the psychological distress prevalent in ICU survivors is the use of patient diaries. These provide a background to the cause of the patient’s ICU admission and an ongoing narrative outlining day-to-day activities. Objectives To assess the effect of a diary versus no diary on patients, and their caregivers or families, during the patient's recovery from admission to an ICU. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2014, Issue 1),Ovid MEDLINE (1950 to January 2014), EBSCOhost CINAHL (1982 to January 2014), Ovid EMBASE (1980 to January 2014), PsycINFO (1950 to January 2014), Published International Literature on Traumatic Stress (PILOTS) database (1971 to January 2014); Web of Science Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Science and Social Science and Humanities (1990 to January 2014); seven clinical trial registries and reference lists of identified trials. We applied no language restriction. Selection criteria We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or clinical controlled trials (CCTs) that evaluated the effectiveness of patient diaries, when compared to no ICU diary, for patients or family members to promote recovery after admission to ICU. Outcome measures for describing recovery from ICU included the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress symptomatology, health-related quality of life and costs. Data collection and analysis We used standard methodological approaches as expected by The Cochrane Collaboration. Two review authors independently reviewed titles for inclusion, extracted data and undertook risk of bias according to prespecified criteria. Main results We identified three eligible studies; two describing ICU patients (N = 358), and one describing relatives of ICU patients (N = 30). The study involving relatives of ICU patients was a substudy of family members from one of the ICU patient studies. There was a mixed risk of bias within the included studies. Blinding of participants to allocation was not possible and blinding of the outcome assessment was not adequately achieved or reported. Overall, the quality of the evidence was low to very low. The patient diary intervention was not identical between studies. However, each provided a prospectively prepared, day-to-day description of the participants' ICU admission. No study adequately reported on risk of PTSD as described using a clinical interview, family or caregiver anxiety or depression, health-related quality of life or costs. Within a single study there was no clear evidence of a difference in risk for developing anxiety (risk ratio (RR) 0.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.07 to 1.19) or depression (RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.12 to 1.19) in participants who received ICU diaries, in comparison to those that did not receive a patient diary. However, the results were imprecise and consistent with benefit in either group, or no difference. Within a single study there was no evidence of difference in median post-traumatic stress symptomatology scores (diaries 24, SD 11.6; no diary 24, SD 11.6) and delusional ICU memory recall (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.28) between the patients recovering from ICU admission who received patient diaries, and those who did not. One study reported reduced post-traumatic stress symptomatology in family members of patients recovering from admission to ICU who received patient diaries (median 19; range 14 to 28), in comparison to no diary (median 28; range 14 to 38). Authors' conclusions Currently there is minimal evidence from RCTs of the benefits or harms of patient diaries for patients and their caregivers or family members. A small study has described their potential to reduce post-traumatic stress symptomatology in family members. However, there is currently inadequate evidence to support their effectiveness in improving psychological recovery after critical illness for patients and their family members. To view the PDF, Article, Photo, or Chart, Click Icon: To view the attached Video media file, Click Icon: PostICU, Inc's library staff reviewed this copyrighted material contained in the library and reasonably believes that its inclusion in our library complies with the "Fair Use Doctrine" because: (1) our library's is for nonprofit and educational purposes; (2) the nature of the copyrighted work is related to our mission; (3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole is fair and reasonable; and (4) the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work will if impacted, should be enhanced, by its presence in our library.

  • Long covid: Damage to multiple organs presents in young, low riskpatients

    Click to Return to Search Page VIEW SELECTED LIBRARY MEDIA Name of Media: Long covid: Damage to multiple organs presents in young, low riskpatients Author(s): Gareth Iacobucci Publisher or Source: BMJ Type of Media: Medical Journal Media Originally for: Critical Care Physicians,General Medical Professionals,Nurses and/or Other Critical Care Medical Professionals Country of Origin: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the) Primary Focus of Media: Post Intensive Care Syndrome (PICS) COVID-19 Related: Yes Description: Young, low risk patients with ongoing symptoms ofcovid-19 had signs of damage to multiple organs four months after initially being infected, a preprint study has suggested.1Initial data from 201 patients suggest that almost 70%had impairments in one or more organs four months after their initial symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The results emerged as the NHS announced plans to establish a network of more than 40 long covid specialist clinics across England this month to help patients with long term symptoms of infection. To view the PDF, Article, Photo, or Chart, Click Icon: To view the attached Video media file, Click Icon: PostICU, Inc's library staff reviewed this copyrighted material contained in the library and reasonably believes that its inclusion in our library complies with the "Fair Use Doctrine" because: (1) our library's is for nonprofit and educational purposes; (2) the nature of the copyrighted work is related to our mission; (3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole is fair and reasonable; and (4) the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work will if impacted, should be enhanced, by its presence in our library.

  • Effect of an ICU Diary on Post traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Among Patients Receiving Mechanical Ventilation

    Click to Return to Search Page VIEW SELECTED LIBRARY MEDIA Name of Media: Effect of an ICU Diary on Post traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Among Patients Receiving Mechanical Ventilation Author(s): Garrouste-Orgeas, M., Flahault, C., Vinatier, I., Rigaud, J. P., Thieulot-Rolin, N., Mercier, E., Rouget, A., Grand, H., Lesieur, O., Tamion, F., Hamidfar, R., Renault, A., Parmentier-Decrucq, E., Monseau, Y., Argaud, L., Bretonnière, C., Lautrette, A., Badié, J., Boulet, E., Floccard, B., … Timsit, J. F. Publisher or Source: National Center for Biotechnology Information Type of Media: Medical Research Media Originally for: Critical Care Physicians, General Medical Professionals, Nurses and/or Other Critical Care Medical Professionals Country of Origin: United States Primary Focus of Media: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) COVID-19 Related: No Description: Each year, millions of patients throughout the world survive a hospitalization that included a stay in an intensive care unit (ICU). ICU survivors can experience a variety of physical, cognitive, and emotional sequelae. In particular, mental health disorders associated with an ICU stay include anxiety, depression symptoms, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and complicated grief for families. It is possible that impaired recall of the ICU stay, potentially accompanied by hallucinations or delusions, contributes to the post traumatic stress. Thus, use of an ICU diary given to the patient at discharge to consult at will could offer benefit. By providing objective information to patients, which could help fill in memory gaps, ICU diaries have allowed them to abandon unrealistic experiences, reconstruct their experience, gain a sense of reality, and resolve differences in experience with their families. However, studies exploring the usefulness of ICU diaries in preventing psychological post–intensive care syndrome were often conducted with small numbers of patients or select samples or with various design characteristics, outcome measures, and length of follow-up that compromised comparision. This multicenter study was designed to assess the effect of an ICU diary on the occurrence of mental health consequences in patients and their families in the ICU setting. To view the PDF, Article, Photo, or Chart, Click Icon: To view the attached Video media file, Click Icon: PostICU, Inc's library staff reviewed this copyrighted material contained in the library and reasonably believes that its inclusion in our library complies with the "Fair Use Doctrine" because: (1) our library's is for nonprofit and educational purposes; (2) the nature of the copyrighted work is related to our mission; (3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole is fair and reasonable; and (4) the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work will if impacted, should be enhanced, by its presence in our library.

  • After 117 days in the hospital with coronavirus, a nurse finally goes home

    Click to Return to Search Page VIEW SELECTED LIBRARY MEDIA Name of Media: After 117 days in the hospital with coronavirus, a nurse finally goes home Author(s): Meghan Holohan Publisher or Source: Today.com Type of Media: Newspaper Article Media Originally for: General Public Country of Origin: United States of America (the) Primary Focus of Media: Post Intensive Care Syndrome (PICS) COVID-19 Related: Yes Description: After experiencing shortness of breath, coughing and fevers, Sharon Tapp learned she had COVID-19. As her health worsened, doctors admitted her to the hospital. For the next 117 days she stayed, undergoing treatment for COVID-19 complications. She has finally returned home but faces weeks of therapy before she fully recovers. Still, she feels grateful to be home. To view the PDF, Article, Photo, or Chart, Click Icon: To view the attached Video media file, Click Icon: PostICU, Inc's library staff reviewed this copyrighted material contained in the library and reasonably believes that its inclusion in our library complies with the "Fair Use Doctrine" because: (1) our library's is for nonprofit and educational purposes; (2) the nature of the copyrighted work is related to our mission; (3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole is fair and reasonable; and (4) the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work will if impacted, should be enhanced, by its presence in our library.

  • Post-COVID Syndrome in the Psychiatric Clinic

    Click to Return to Search Page VIEW SELECTED LIBRARY MEDIA Name of Media: Post-COVID Syndrome in the Psychiatric Clinic Author(s): Holly Hendin, PhD, MD Publisher or Source: Psychiatry & Behavioral Health Learning Network Type of Media: Magazine Article Media Originally for: General Public,General Medical Professionals Country of Origin: United States of America (the) Primary Focus of Media: Pre-Use of PICS Designation COVID-19 Related: Yes Description: For those patients presenting with post-COVID syndrome, a medical workup with a primary care physician will be of the essence. I have encouraged my patients to invest in a blood pressure cuff if possible, or if this isn’t possible, to consider checking blood pressure at the grocery store or pharmacy at their next visit. To view the PDF, Article, Photo, or Chart, Click Icon: To view the attached Video media file, Click Icon: PostICU, Inc's library staff reviewed this copyrighted material contained in the library and reasonably believes that its inclusion in our library complies with the "Fair Use Doctrine" because: (1) our library's is for nonprofit and educational purposes; (2) the nature of the copyrighted work is related to our mission; (3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole is fair and reasonable; and (4) the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work will if impacted, should be enhanced, by its presence in our library.

  • ICU patients who survive ARDS may suffer from prolonged post-intensive care syndrome

    Click to Return to Search Page VIEW SELECTED LIBRARY MEDIA Name of Media: ICU patients who survive ARDS may suffer from prolonged post-intensive care syndrome Author(s): Intermountain Medical Center Publisher or Source: Science Daily Type of Media: Magazine Article Media Originally for: Critical Care Physicians, General Public, Nurses and/or Other Critical Care Medical Professionals Country of Origin: United States Primary Focus of Media: Post Intensive Care Syndrome (PICS) COVID-19 Related: No Description: New study of 645 ARDS survivors has identified subgroups of ARDS survivors who suffer what's been called post-intensive care syndrome, a collection of symptoms that can linger for years. To view the PDF, Article, Photo, or Chart, Click Icon: To view the attached Video media file, Click Icon: PostICU, Inc's library staff reviewed this copyrighted material contained in the library and reasonably believes that its inclusion in our library complies with the "Fair Use Doctrine" because: (1) our library's is for nonprofit and educational purposes; (2) the nature of the copyrighted work is related to our mission; (3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole is fair and reasonable; and (4) the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work will if impacted, should be enhanced, by its presence in our library.

  • COVID-19 recovery potential treatments for post-intensive care syndrome

    Click to Return to Search Page VIEW SELECTED LIBRARY MEDIA Name of Media: COVID-19 recovery potential treatments for post-intensive care syndrome Author(s): Mansoor N Bangash, Andrew Owen, Joseph E Alderman, Minesh Chotalia, Jaimin M Patel, Dhruv Parekh Publisher or Source: the Lancet Type of Media: Magazine Article Media Originally for: Critical Care Physicians,General Medical Professionals,Nurses and/or Other Critical Care Medical Professionals Country of Origin: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the) Primary Focus of Media: Post Intensive Care Syndrome (PICS) COVID-19 Related: Yes Description: The long-term effects of surviving COVID-19 have become a new focus of attention for clinicians and researchers. This focus has been driven partly by concerns about late ill-effects of a previously unknown virus, but recognised generic patterns of chronic disease after critical illness also exist. These patterns are termed PICS, an acronym both for post-intensive care syndrome and for persistent inflammation, immunosuppression, and catabolism syndrome. We recommend unifying post-COVID-19 research aims with those of PICS research and propose a novel approach to its management by repurposing drugs that are approved, inexpensive, and safe. To view the PDF, Article, Photo, or Chart, Click Icon: To view the attached Video media file, Click Icon: PostICU, Inc's library staff reviewed this copyrighted material contained in the library and reasonably believes that its inclusion in our library complies with the "Fair Use Doctrine" because: (1) our library's is for nonprofit and educational purposes; (2) the nature of the copyrighted work is related to our mission; (3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole is fair and reasonable; and (4) the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work will if impacted, should be enhanced, by its presence in our library.

  • Impaired mental health status following intensive care unit admission in a patient with COVID-19

    Click to Return to Search Page VIEW SELECTED LIBRARY MEDIA Name of Media: Impaired mental health status following intensive care unit admission in a patient with COVID-19 Author(s): Mitsuhito Soh, Toru Hifumi, Tsutomu Iwasaki, Yusuke Miura, Norio Otani, Shinichi Ishimatsu Publisher or Source: Acute Medicine & Surgery Type of Media: Medical Journal Media Originally for: Critical Care Physicians,General Medical Professionals,Nurses and/or Other Critical Care Medical Professionals Country of Origin: Australia Primary Focus of Media: Post Intensive Care Syndrome (PICS) COVID-19 Related: Yes Description: Background Severe respiratory failure patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) sometimes do not receive post-intensive care syndrome prevention bundles. No detailed report has been published on the practical observations of mental impairments in these patients. Case presentation A 33-year-old man was admitted with COVID-19 pneumonia. On day 6, he was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Considering the risk of nosocomial infection, as per the hospital policy, early rehabilitation could not be initiated for COVID-19 patients at that time and family visits were not allowed. Thereafter, his respiratory condition gradually improved; he was discharged on day 19. When the ICU nurse called to assess his medical condition, the patient complained of insomnia after ICU discharge. Therefore, we called him for an outpatient visit 28 days after discharge and scored his mental health status. Conclusion Careful follow-up is required to treat mental impairment in patients with COVID-19. To view the PDF, Article, Photo, or Chart, Click Icon: To view the attached Video media file, Click Icon: PostICU, Inc's library staff reviewed this copyrighted material contained in the library and reasonably believes that its inclusion in our library complies with the "Fair Use Doctrine" because: (1) our library's is for nonprofit and educational purposes; (2) the nature of the copyrighted work is related to our mission; (3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole is fair and reasonable; and (4) the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work will if impacted, should be enhanced, by its presence in our library.

  • Intensive care admissions of children with paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS) in the UK: a multicentre observational study

    Click to Return to Search Page VIEW SELECTED LIBRARY MEDIA Name of Media: Intensive care admissions of children with paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS) in the UK: a multicentre observational study Author(s): Patrick Davies, Claire Evans, Hari Krishnan Kanthimathinathan, Jon Lillie, Joseph Brierley, Gareth Waters, Mae Johnson, Benedict Griffiths, Pascale du Pré, Zoha Mohammad, Akash Deep, Stephen Playfor, Davinder Singh, David Inwald, Michelle Jardine, Oliver Ross, Nayan Shetty, Mark Worrall, Ruchi Sinha, Ashwani Koul, Elizabeth Whittaker, Harish Vyas, Barnaby R Scholefield*, Padmanabhan Ramnarayan* Publisher or Source: The Lancet Type of Media: Medical Journal Media Originally for: Critical Care Physicians,General Medical Professionals,Nurses and/or Other Critical Care Medical Professionals Country of Origin: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the) Primary Focus of Media: Post Intensive Care Syndrome (PICS) COVID-19 Related: Yes Description: Background In April, 2020, clinicians in the UK observed a cluster of children with unexplained inflammation requiring admission to paediatric intensive care units (PICUs). We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, course, management, and outcomes of patients admitted to PICUs with this condition, which is now known as paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS). Methods We did a multicentre observational study of children (aged <18 years), admitted to PICUs in the UK between April 1 and May 10, 2020, fulfilling the case definition of PIMS-TS published by the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. We analysed routinely collected, de-identified data, including demographic details, presenting clinical features, underlying comorbidities, laboratory markers, echocardiographic findings, interventions, treatments, and outcomes; serology information was collected if available. PICU admission rates of PIMS-TS were compared with historical trends of PICU admissions for four similar inflammatory conditions (Kawasaki disease, toxic shock syndrome, haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and macrophage activation syndrome). Findings 78 cases of PIMS-TS were reported by 21 of 23 PICUs in the UK. Historical data for similar inflammatory conditions showed a mean of one (95% CI 0·85–1·22) admission per week, compared to an average of 14 admissions per week for PIMS-TS and a peak of 32 admissions per week during the study period. The median age of patients was 11 years (IQR 8–14). Male patients (52 [67%] of 78) and those from ethnic minority backgrounds (61 [78%] of 78) were over-represented. Fever (78 [100%] patients), shock (68 [87%]), abdominal pain (48 [62%]), vomiting (49 [63%]), and diarrhoea (50 [64%]) were common presenting features. Longitudinal data over the first 4 days of admission showed a serial reduction in C-reactive protein (from a median of 264 mg/L on day 1 to 96 mg/L on day 4), D-dimer (4030 μg/L to 1659 μg/L), and ferritin (1042 μg/L to 757 μg/L), whereas the lymphocyte count increased to more than 1·0×10⁹ cells per L by day 3 and troponin increased over the 4 days (from a median of 157 ng/mL to 358 ng/mL). 36 (46%) of 78 patients were invasively ventilated and 65 (83%) needed vasoactive infusions; 57 (73%) received steroids, 59 (76%) received intravenous immunoglobulin, and 17 (22%) received biologic therapies. 28 (36%) had evidence of coronary artery abnormalities (18 aneurysms and ten echogenicity). Three children needed extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and two children died. Interpretation During the study period, the rate of PICU admissions for PIMS-TS was at least 11-fold higher than historical trends for similar inflammatory conditions. Clinical presentations and treatments varied. Coronary artery aneurysms appear to be an important complication. Although immediate survival is high, the long-term outcomes of children with PIMS-TS are unknown. To view the PDF, Article, Photo, or Chart, Click Icon: To view the attached Video media file, Click Icon: PostICU, Inc's library staff reviewed this copyrighted material contained in the library and reasonably believes that its inclusion in our library complies with the "Fair Use Doctrine" because: (1) our library's is for nonprofit and educational purposes; (2) the nature of the copyrighted work is related to our mission; (3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole is fair and reasonable; and (4) the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work will if impacted, should be enhanced, by its presence in our library.

  • Fatigue And Brain Fog – Everything We Know About ‘Long COVID’ [Video]

    Click to Return to Search Page VIEW SELECTED LIBRARY MEDIA Name of Media: Fatigue And Brain Fog – Everything We Know About ‘Long COVID’ [Video] Author(s): Carrie Publisher or Source: Oceansvibe News Type of Media: Newspaper Article Media Originally for: General Public Country of Origin: Australia Primary Focus of Media: Post Intensive Care Syndrome (PICS) COVID-19 Related: Yes Description: As if contracting COVID-19 wasn’t bad enough, in some cases, the virus seems to leave behind a little memento which stays in your body, even after you’ve technically ‘recovered’. Many who were infected in the early stages of the pandemic are still struggling with symptoms, which some are calling “long COVID”. The physical effects range from mild to severe and have been experienced by both adults and children. The frequency is enough that there are now calls for the condition to be classified as an “occupational disease” for frontline workers. To view the PDF, Article, Photo, or Chart, Click Icon: To view the attached Video media file, Click Icon: PostICU, Inc's library staff reviewed this copyrighted material contained in the library and reasonably believes that its inclusion in our library complies with the "Fair Use Doctrine" because: (1) our library's is for nonprofit and educational purposes; (2) the nature of the copyrighted work is related to our mission; (3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole is fair and reasonable; and (4) the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work will if impacted, should be enhanced, by its presence in our library.

PostICU Library Policy & Compliance Statement

PostICU, Inc's library staff reviewed this copyrighted material contained in the library and reasonably believes that its inclusion in our library complies with the "Fair Use Doctrine" because: (1) our library's is for nonprofit and educational purposes; (2) the nature of the copyrighted work is related to our mission; (3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole is fair and reasonable; and (4) the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work will if impacted, should be enhanced, by its presence in our library.

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